Being in the hospital can be compared to spending time at an
all-inclusive spa. Look at the similarities. You receive breakfast,
lunch and dinner in bed, all in the comfort of your room. Whenever
you need anything, you just call someone and they’ll tend to your
needs. And don’t forget the robe and slippers that are provided for
your use while you enjoy your stay as a guest.
Now when you look at the pleasure aspect, perhaps it’s not so
similar. But keeping a positive attitude and looking for the best in
every situation sure helps in the healing process.
I decided to write an article about kidney infections because
I learned that many people don’t realize how severe the infection
can become if not treated immediately. The same goes for pets. I
will be discussing urinary tract infections and kidney infections in
both people and animals.
Kicking Off the New
Year
It all started on
January 1, 2003, New Year’s Day. I had nothing planned except to
enjoy the day with my husband and dogs. As the day progressed, the
continual urge to urinate was becoming more frequent by the hour. I
hadn’t had a bladder infection before, but I was well aware of the
symptoms.
The following day I spoke with my chiropractor. She
recommended I try cranberry juice to prevent the bacteria from
attaching itself to the bladder wall. I knew this was a standard
home remedy for bladder infections so I thought I’d give it a
try.
By the third day, my lower back was really hurting. I assumed
it was a flare up from a previous back injury so I didn’t make much
of it. Going into the fourth day of the bladder infection I
developed a fever and suffered from chills. The very next day I
couldn’t get out of bed. My fever was up to 103 degrees and the
chills were getting worse. My husband placed four additional
blankets over me and I still was shivering out of control. We
thought I had developed a bad case of the flu.
Monday January 6th, my fever rose to 104.9
degrees. I could not move. I was sweating profusely and literally
soaked my pajamas as well as the bed sheets. By that evening my
husband took me to an urgent care center to obtain a diagnosis. We
realized this had to be something more than a flu bug. The results
of the urinalysis did indeed prove I had a major bladder infection,
but the doctor also believed I could have a kidney infection and
strongly urged us to make an appointment to see our family doctor
first thing that following morning.
I got home that night and literally collapsed on to the
bed. In the middle of the night, the vomiting started, the fever was
still at 104.9 degrees and the chills were causing me to shake
uncontrollably. First thing in the morning, my husband, Art, called
our family doctor for an appointment. I was fortunate my doctor was
able to see me on such short notice. Of course when Art called me
that morning to tell me of my appointment, I began to protest. “Oh,
Art, I’m too sick to get up. I can’t go to the doctor. I can’t
move…blah, blah, blah.” Art’s reply was, “Well, you better get
yourself well enough to get dressed because you’re going to the
doctor. I’m picking you up in forty-five minutes.” Even though Art’s
response may have sounded a bit harsh, he knows me well. If he
wouldn’t have insisted on my going to the doctor, I probably
wouldn’t have gone simply because I felt so weak. All I wanted to do
was stay in bed and try to stay warm in between the bouts of profuse
sweating.
It literally took me 45-minutes to get dressed. Now granted,
I was feeling pretty ill. I hadn’t been well enough to do laundry,
so I had slim-pickings for clean clothes.
Have you ever heard of the saying, “Make sure you always wear
good underwear because you never know when you might end up in the
hospital?” Well, apparently I didn’t take that saying to
heart.
All of my "good" underwear was in the dirty laundry pile and
all I had left were these old undies with holes in them. (Upon my
return from the hospital, all of my old underwear was throw in the
trash. I don’t ever want to be caught with “holey” underwear
again!)
Now that I shared that piece of intimate info with you, I’ll
get back to the story.
I crawled into a pair of jeans and a clean sweatshirt. I ran
a comb through my tangled hair, brushed my teeth, and made my way
into the living room where I waited a short three minutes before
Art arrived to take me to my appointment.
When the nurse took my temperature it was still 104 degrees.
My doctor obtained the test results from the urgent care clinic from
the night before. From reading those results he said to Art, “Kathy
has to be hospitalized immediately.” Art asked if we had time to go
home and pack some items and my doctor said no, that we needed to go
directly from his office to the hospital.
Originally the doctor thought I’d only be there for two days,
but because of some complications, I was there for five days. I
tried to put the spa spin on the whole experience. I was attempting
to make my spa service comparisons, and the “stay three nights, get
the fourth one free”, but I don’t believe the hospital offered that
package.
For four full days I was hooked up to IV’s. I was severely
dehydrated, which didn’t help the situation. An IV also administered
the antibiotic, Cipro, for the kidney infection. The kidney
infection caused mild anemia so I was given Iron supplements while I
was in the hospital to help increase the development of red blood
cells, which I have been taking twice daily since I left the
hospital. I will continue taking Iron for another month. I will then
have my blood tested again to check the red blood cell
count.
While I was in the hospital, I had a CT scan to see if there
was any damage done to the left kidney. Upon looking at the test
results, there was an indication of a potential problem with my gall
bladder. So I had an ultrasound and thankfully the results turned
out fine from that. The CT scan did indeed show that I had a severe
infection in the left kidney, but no further kidney problems were
represented.
I am as pleased as punch to report that I have recovered from
my “big adventure”. I don’t want to ever go through this or anything
like it again. Next time I want some time off, I’ll go to an actual
spa and skip the hospital scene. I’m sure the décor and food will be
much better than what I was subjected to.
So, how on earth did I get to this point from having a
bladder infection to a full blown kidney infection in less than one
week’s time? Well, sit back and let me tell you about
Pyelonephritis (kidney infection).
Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection, usually from bacteria
that have spread from the bladder.
Symptoms and signs include back, side and groin pain; urgent,
frequent urination; pain or burning during urination; fever; nausea
and vomiting; and pus and blood in the urine.
Diagnosis is made with a urine test to identify bacteria and
formations of white blood cells, called casts, shaped like tubes in
the kidneys. If an infection cannot be easily cured, x-rays might be
done to look for abnormalities in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
A kidney infection is treated with an appropriate antibiotic, and
abnormalities may need to be surgically treated.
An untreated or recurrent kidney
infection can lead to chronic pyelonephritis, scarring of the
kidneys and permanent kidney damage.1
A kidney infection occurs when microbes,
usually bacteria, invade the tissues of the kidney and multiply. One
or both kidneys may be infected. Infection originating directly from
the bladder is called an ascending
infection.
Inflammation occurs in response to the
infection. As a result of the infection and inflammation, scarring
and other tissue damage may occur. Most cases of acute kidney
infection resolve without any permanent kidney damage. In severe
cases, kidney damage is so extensive that the kidneys can no longer
function, a state called renal
failure.
Types of kidney
infections:
·
Acute pyelonephritis: uncomplicated kidney infection, which
has a short and relatively severe course. (This is what I was
diagnosed with.)
·
Chronic pyelonephritis:
long-standing disease associated with either active or inactive
(healed) kidney infection.
·
Emphysematous pyelonephritis:
acute infection associated with gas in and around the kidney. This
type almost always occurs in persons with diabetes.
·
Pyonephrosis: acute or chronic pyelonephritis associated with
blockage of the ureter.
·
Renal and perinephric abscesses: abscesses (pockets of pus)
in and around the kidney.
Kidney infections occur most often in
adult females who are otherwise healthy. Urinary tract infections
are uncommon in males until old age, when bladder catheterization
and other urinary procedures are more commonly performed. 2
Causes & Symptoms
3
Bacteria
are usually the cause of kidney infection, although infection by
fungi (yeasts and molds) or viruses does occur. The bacteria
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is responsible for about 85% of
the cases of acute pyelonephritis. Other common causes include
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus,
Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas species. Infection by
Proteus species can lead to the formation of stones. E.
coli causes only 60% of the acute pyelonephritis cases in the
elderly. Kidney infection may also be caused by Mycobacteria
tuberculosis or other Mycobacteria species or by the yeast
Candida. Kidney infection can be caused by Group B
Streptococci in newborns.
Certain women are inherently more
susceptible to urinary tract infections. Researchers have found that
women who have recurrent infections possess certain markers on their
blood cells. Also, the bacteria, which commonly cause urinary tract
infections, stick more readily to the vaginal cells of women who
have recurrent infections. Other risk factors for kidney disease
include:
Certain women are inherently more
susceptible to urinary tract infections. Researchers have found that
women who have recurrent infections possess certain markers on their
blood cells. Also, the bacteria, which commonly cause urinary tract
infections, stick more readily to the vaginal cells of women who
have recurrent infections. Other risk factors for kidney disease
include:
- bladder catheterization or instrumentation
- diabetes
- pregnancy
- urinary calculi (stone)
- urinary tract abnormalities
- urinary tract
obstruction
Treatment
4
Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of
kidney infection can lead to permanent kidney damage. The person who
suspects kidney infection should seek professional care immediately.
Alternative medicine may be used as an adjunct to the appropriate
antibiotic treatment.
Dietary changes which may help to control
and prevent kidney infection
include:
- Drinking eight to 12 glasses of water daily helps
to wash out bacteria (although this may also dilute
antibacterial factors in the urine).
- Acidifying the urine by eating few alkaline foods
(dairy and soda).
- Following a diet rich in grains, vegetables, and
acidifying juices, like citrus.
- Eliminating high sugar foods (sweet vegetables,
fruits, sugar, and honey).
- Drinking unsweetened cranberry juice to acidify
the urine and provide the antimicrobial agent hippuric acid.
Cranberry capsules can substitute for the juice.
- Ingesting at least one clove of garlic (or up to
1,200 mg garlic as a tablet) daily for its anti-infective
properties.
Prevention
5
Researchers are trying to develop a
vaccine for UTIs, but as of early 2000, none were ready for human
studies. The key to preventing kidney infection is to promptly treat
the bladder infection. Measures taken to prevent a bladder infection
may prevent subsequent kidney infection. These
include:
- drinking large amounts of fluid
- reducing intake of sugar
- voiding frequently and as soon as the need arises
- proper cleansing of the area around the urethra (females),
especially after sexual intercourse
- acupuncture (effective in preventing recurrent lower UTIs
in women)
- avoiding use of vaginal diaphragms and spermicidal jelly
(females)
The primary preventive measure
specifically for males is prompt treatment of prostate infections.
Chronic prostatitis may go unnoticed but can trigger recurrent UTIs.
In addition, males who require temporary catheterization following
surgery can be given antibiotics to lower the risk of
UTIs.
What about Pets?
Like humans, the infection usually starts
in the bladder, called cystitis. (Inflamed bladder caused by
bacteria that have entered the bladder from the outside, usually
through the urethra, thereby resulting in an infection 6.)
The animal will experience frequent urination. This
can be painful and often causes a burning sensation. It is not
uncommon for the pet to start to urinate, but stops only to try
again a short time later. Because of the frequent urge to urinate,
it is not uncommon for pets to have accidents in the house. If the
infection is severe, blood may also appear in the
urine.
If the infection is not treated immediately, the same
can occur with the pet as it can in humans. The infection can spread
quickly to the kidney. (As what happened with
me.)
So how do you treat a pet with a bladder infection so
it doesn’t spread to the kidney? Take a fresh urine sample to your
veterinarian as soon as you see the symptoms arise. The veterinarian
can then examine the urine for the bacteria that causes cystitis. If
the bacteria are found, antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat
the infection.
When my youngest German shepherd, Mojo, developed a
bladder infection, I took him to a holistic veterinarian to see if
there was something that could be done without the use of drugs. We
tried many supplements and nothing worked. I knew we had to go for
something much stronger than what the holistic veterinarian was
willing to prescribe.
I then took another sample to my “conventional”
veterinarian. He prescribed an antibiotic for Mojo and this didn’t
even help. Mojo’s pH was very high. We tried different dog foods in
attempts to lower his pH, and that didn’t help. I was adding water
to his food, and tried to get Mojo to drink as much water as
possible to aid in the flushing of his bladder. Of course the old
saying, “You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make ‘em
drink” applied to Mojo as well. That’s an issue with pets. They
don’t understand how to make themselves well, so it is a
challenge as our pets’ caretakers to find ways to help them get
well.
In addition to the fact that Mojo had this infection,
and his pH was very high, he also developed struvite crystals
(stones). These are comprised of various elements such as magnesium,
calcium, phosphate and ammonia. The most common stone, struvite, is
a mixture of magnesium and ammonium phosphate. Because Mojo’s urine
was so basic, (alkaline urine with a higher pH) he was susceptible
to developing struvite crystals.
It is believed that Mojo’s bladder infection occurred
due to the development of the struvite crystals. The cause of this
stone development is unknown. There is some belief that it has to do
with the way the body metabolizes salts and other products in the
diet.
The risks of not treating urinary stones are very
serious. If the stones become lodged within the urethra, obstructing
normal urination, the pet will be unable to urinate and will
normally die within 48-hours.
Difficulty in urination is always an
emergency!
Along with the prescribed
antibiotic, we also had to use a medication that is normally used
for humans, called Lithostat. This medication is used,
in addition to antibiotics or medical procedures, to treat certain
types of bladder (urinary tract) infections. In Mojo’s case it was
intended to lower his pH, and thankfully it did.
Once Mojo was receiving the prescribed
antibiotic and the Lithostat, the crystals disappeared and Mojo’s pH
was lowered. Since then, I’ve had Mojo on a new diet that is lower
in Magnesium. My “conventional” veterinarian found that this is most
helpful when dealing with an infection of this nature. Of course I
always monitor my dogs’ elimination. Whenever I observe something
that appears out of the ordinary for that dog, I immediately contact
my veterinarian for his expert advice.
Don’t take bladder infections lightly. I
learned first hand it can turn into a serious kidney infection in a
matter of a few days.
Published March 2003
Resources Used in
Article
(2) through (5) Rowland, Belinda. The Gale
Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Gale Group,
2001
(6)
Foster, DVM. Race and Smith, DVM, Marty. What’s the
Diagnosis? New York, NY: Howell Book House
(1995)